Infectious Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) Essay

Irresistible Disease and Public Health (Microbiology) - Essay Example In this manner, this uncovered individuals, who are close by to these microorganisms, consequently expanding odds of being tainted. As a matter of fact, TB microscopic organisms are actuated by the condition of low invulnerability framework in an individual, who is tainted. In United States, the legislature has made fundamental key arrangements planned for taking out TB since 1989, which was a period that America experienced reappearance of TB (CDC, 2005). Indeed, the high pervasiveness of HIV contributed fundamentally to resurgence of TB, however there were different factors, for example, expanded migration of individuals from nations with high TB commonness and accessibility of multidrug-safe TB (CDC, 2005). Then again, the administration has put forth important attempt to improve framework to encourage control of TB in America. Along these lines, this prompted adjustment of the difficult that had crumbled, through vital organization of assets at a state and neighborhood levels in the nation. Also, CDC (2005) clarifies that exertion made by American government to manage the negative ramifications of TB prompted a forty-four percent decline of its predominance during the period somewhere in the range of 1993 and 2003. Government’s exertion to manage ramifications of TB is owing to explain national methodology, which encouraged reaction to beginning return of TB (CDC, 2005). Besides, this exertion can likewise be ascribed to coordination of government authorities in human services field at the neighborhood and state level. All things considered, the administration has been guaranteeing that there are adequate assets to manage this issue; subsequently prompting fantastic decline of TB cases among Americans. In any case, government exertion expanded chance of disposing of TB in 1999 and reaffirmation of goals to cancel TB through America by Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) (CDC, 2005). As indicated by an ongoing examination by CDC (2012), there were 10,528 occurrences of

How well does insurance contract regulation work Research Paper

How well does protection contract guideline work - Research Paper Example A protection arrangement is archived appropriately and the safeguarded is given over an agreement which connotes the terms and conditions under which the protection approach will be handled and the conditions under which the budgetary remuneration will be conveyed out1. Protection has increased wide prevalence after enormous worldwide episodes and money related emergencies, for example, the 9/11 disaster and the budgetary emergency of 2008/09. These occasions have spread a wing of frailty among individuals in numerous aspects of their lives, be it their life, their accounts, their property or their family members. This has heightened the interest of protection everywhere throughout the world and insurance agencies have demonstrated productive outcomes in their fiscal reports. To have a reasonable and exhaustive portrayal and investigation of protection and its activity, the financial aspects of protection must be considered and the comprehension of protection law and protection contract guideline and its working is essential2. As each law on the planet, there is a different and believable law for protection. Protection law is a name assigned towards the demonstrations of law covering protection containing protection cases and strategies. It contains all the standards of protection including guarantee details, pay conditions, strategy end conditions, repayment, et cetera. Protection law depends mostly on Insurance Contracts Regulations 1985 which have been set up utilizing the Insurance Contracts Act 1984. The nearness and significance of protection contracts guidelines is most extreme and considering a genuine and fragile agreement like protection, a lot of tough guidelines dependent on strong laws must be existent and implementable3. Protection contracts guidelines aid various approaches to the guarantor just as the safeguarded and it made a particular, arranged, proficient advancement route for the protection strategy all through its tenor. As referenced above about the

Why Yale Essay Samples Are Important

Why Yale Essay Samples Are ImportantMost undergraduates in the humanities major in the English Department have experience writing a thesis or a college essay. But, it seems that many students do not understand the purpose of writing and why Yale essay samples are important. In fact, many think that they have to make up a paper on their own and a lot of students will work without proper instructions. Most students want to write a piece of their own with their own style.It is very important to remember that it is a good idea to hire an essay writer or an essay writing service because they have the expertise to help students and undergraduate get their paper to be perfect. They can give suggestions on how to make the paper interesting and convincing. The sample essays are one way of getting these people on your side.The reason that writing a paper on your own without proper instructions from a professional is not a good idea is because you are wasting your time. A professional will prov ide you with all the guidelines that you need to follow so that your paper is well written and convincing. All students are aware of this fact. The question that most students want to know the answer to is 'What kind of essay should I write?' Many students have a hard time finding out what kind of essay they should write.Writing a college essay can be as easy as a few paragraphs. If you are writing a paper for your senior year, then you have to be careful about the type of paper that you are writing. There are a lot of things that you have to consider in your paper. A student has to be clear in his mind about what his aim in writing is. A very well written paper can be inspiring.It is very important to remember that the reason why Yale essay samples are important is because it will make you writing what you are aiming for. The outline will show you the basics of how to write a paper. You can find out why writing a paper is so important from these samples.When you are writing a paper , it is imperative that you complete the assignment that you have been assigned to. There is no sense in wasting your time on something that you will get the result you are aiming for. A student is an individual and there is no way that he can be expected to write a paper that is based on a well structured plan. This is how the professional help a student to make sure that he does not waste any time. The outline will also show you the way to make a good study plan.A student does not need to worry because the outline will be given to him so that he does not need to feel that he has to complete the task that he has been assigned. The outline will tell you how to organize your paper, what type of facts to use, and what details to include. Some students use the outline as their guide when they are writing the paper. Many of them even make the outline a part of the paper.The reason why Yale essay samples are important is that a student will be able to analyze his own paper by using the h elp of the outline. This is very important because it will give him an idea about how he should organize the different parts of the paper. The outline will also provide him with the methods of how to add a little bit of fun to the paper.

The Effect of Virtual Reality Immersion on Evoked Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3053 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Psychology Essay Topics: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Abstract In the past couple of decades, the use of Virtual Reality (VR) has become increasingly prevalent. Virtual reality is mainly used today to treat anxiety disorders through exposure therapy, but it is also increasing in frequency regarding research. The goal of the present study is to determine the effect of VR immersion on evoked anxiety. The study consists of 20 undergraduate volunteers between 18 and 30 years of age. The results showed a marginal interaction of group and time point, in particular, the experimental group showed an increase in STAI scores post treatment. Introduction Virtually reality (VR), a new yet highly used technology, has taken the world by storm. VR immersion aims to give the user a sense of presence by controlling what they see and hear by blocking out any other sight and sound. (Rizzo, Buckwalter, Neumann, 1997; Price Anderson, 2007) It is slowly being used throughout households and ages. It has gotten widespread to the point where it is being used in medical settings. (Moline, 1997; Li, Yu, Shi, Shi, Tian, Yang, Wang, 2017; Riva, 2003; Claudio Maddalena, 2014) Perception of it in medical settings is overall positive. (Keller, Park, Cunningham, Foulandian, Chen, Spiegel, 2017) It is transforming patient care. It has even made its way into treatment of mental disorders, particularly anxiety-based disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorders, seasonal affective disorders, general phobias, and schizophrenia. (Powers Emmelkamp, 2007; Rothbaum, Hodge, Ready, Graap, Alarcon, 2001; Ku, Han, Lee, Jang, K im, Park, Kim, Kim, Kim, Kim, 2007) VR is most commonly used for exposure therapy. (Powers Emmelkamp, 2008; Parsons Rizzo, 2008; Opris, Pintea, Garc? ­a-Palacios, Botella, Szamoskozi, David, 2011) It is also being used for assessing mental health disorders. (Freeman, Reeve, Robinson, Ehlers, Clark, Spanlang Slader, 2017; Freeman, Antley, Elhers, Dunn, Thompson, Vorontsova, Garety, Kuipers, Glucksman, Slater, 2014) With the use of virtual reality becoming prevalent, we must look at the effects it can have on physiological methods as well. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) has been proven to have benefits in mental health settings particularly in relation to anxiety disorders and specific phobias. (Parsons Rizzo, 2008; Opris, Pintea, Garc? ­a-Palacios, Botella, Szamoskozi, David, 2011) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effect of Virtual Reality Immersion on Evoked Anxiety" essay for you Create order Gorini et al., (2010) proposed to improve treatments using modern technologies, in particular, biofeedback enhanced VR. Methods Participants Participants consisted of a convenient sample of 20 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 30. 14% of the participants were male. One outlier was removed due to age. All participants were recruited from psychology classes at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. There was offered extra credit for participation as compensation for their time. Participants were randomly assigned to either an immersive virtual-reality based experimental group, or a non-immersive group in which stimuli was presented on a laptop. They were informed about how the procedure would progress and what would happen. Participants signed a consent form with a summary of what was expected. They were informed that their participation was confidential, and their consent forms are stored in a secure location. This research was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth prior to data collection. Measures State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) STAI was used to measure state anxiety before the start of the procedure, and at the end after all stimuli had been presented. (Spielberger et al., 1983) While there are multiple variations, the most common version is the Y one. The STAI consists of two scales. The first scale is the Y-1 which measures how the person feels at the moment. The final scale is Y-2 which measures how a person feels currently. Each part has 20 statements about how a person feels. The person has to score from 1 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much so.) A few questions are reverse-coded to determine consistency. The scores were calculated. The higher the score, the more anxious the person was feeling. For our study, only the Y-1, or state, scale was used. (Appendix A) Fitbit Charge 2 A Fitbit Charge 2 was used to measure initial heart rate before the intervention was used and final heart rate. Heart rate was used as the physiological indicator of anxiety. Oculus Rift An Oculus Rift was for the immersion intervention. A computer screen will be used for non-immersion intervention. Three videos were used as stimuli for both conditions. The videos allowed for the participant to look around. Video 1 was a shark attack scenario with audio and video to set the scene. The participants point of view is from deep under water within an enclosed space, as a shark attempts to break through. The glass starts to shatter as they shark attempts to enter. This video used the common fears of claustrophobia and nyctophobia and lasts 2 minutes. Video 2 represented a story from the first-person point of view of a child in bed during a lightening storm. As the child, player, reads a book, the character in the story comes alive. It crawls around the room with its glowing eyes and the person has to track it to move the story along. The creature will do something mundane and then look at the player and charge at them. This video combines the common fears of n yctophobia, and xenophobia. It is also filled with jump scares and lasts 5 minutes. This video had potentially anxiety-inducing sounds and images related to horror. Video 3 was from the perspective of someone on the top of an unstable building while there is a robot alien attack. The wall in the skyscraper the player is in is ripped away. The player is then grabbed by a giant massive robot and pulled out. The player is then set on a latter that is dangling over a city as the robot falls to the ground. If the player looks around as the robot falls, they will see a battle between planes and a spaceship ensuing. As the battle is occurring, the player will get the sensation that they are being beamed up. Suddenly, the ship is destroyed and the player than falls rapidly through the city creating the sense of falling. This video used the common fear of acrophobia and only lasted 3 minutes. This is the only stimulus that the participants were asked to stand for. Design It was a randomized, experimental design. Numbers were randomized using a random number generator to determine order (ex. 16, 2, 12, 9, etc.) The numbers were then divided into two groups for the intervention (ex. Number 10 goes into experimental group.) The experiment was conducted in a single session per participant of approximately 20 minutes in two rooms of the Liberal Arts building at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Statistical Analysis A MANOVA was run to check for interactions between group and time point. An ANOVA was run for each dependent variable to check for interactions between group and time point. Proposed Results- We expected an interaction between time point and group. We expected the VR group would see an increase in both STAI scores and HR with no effect seen in the control group. We set our alpha level at 0.05 for significance. Procedures The participants were greeted by a researcher and led to the area where the study was conducted. They were asked to sit down and had the procedure explained to them; what was going to happen, what was being measured, that they had the ability to end the experiment at any time, and what group they would be in. They were told that their participation is confidential and were safely secured in a different location separate from their surveys. Then the FitBit Charge 2 was connected the left wrist and heart rate will be measured. The participants then they filled out the STAI Y-1 questionnaire to assess their baseline state anxiety. The participants were then placed in their group. If they were in the experimental group, the Oculus Rift was placed on their head. If they were in the control, they were moved to sit in front of a computer scene with speakers raised to a comfortable volume while one of the researchers wore the Oculus Rift. After being established, the researchers started the sequence of videos. Following the final video, the headset was removed, or they were moved away from the computer scene. They were then asked to take a second STAI Y-1 form to assess state anxiety following the intervention. After completion of the STAI Y-1 questionnaire, a final heart rate was measured, and the FitBit Charge 2 was removed. The participants were thanked for their participation and escorted out of the room. Results Average heart rate and STAI scores were entered into a repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) with group and time point as fixed factors. Of interest was a significant group x time point interaction. The analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 25). The multivariate results indicated only a marginal group x time point interaction [Wilks ? » = 0.724, F(2,17) = 3.236, p = 0.064, ? ·2p = 0.538]. However, follow-up univariate tests, performed for the dependent variables separately, showed a significant group x time point interaction for the STAI [F(1,18) = 6.73, p = 0.018, ? ·2p = 0.689], but not for heart rate [F(1,18) = 0.970, p = 0.338, ? ·2p = 0.154]. Specifically, STAI scores (Fig. 1) significantly increased after the VR intervention. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate these results. Discussion VR immersion is being used more frequently within medical settings. The main goal of the study was to determine if VR immersion has an effect on physiological and behavioral factors. Our primary focus was to examine the short-term effects that VR immersion has on heart rate and perceived, state, anxiety. We randomly assigned 20 participants to either the VR immersion group or the control group, same videos but on a computer screen. We expected to find no change in heart rate and perceived anxiety levels in the control group. We expected to find an increase in both heart rate and perceived levels of anxiety in the VR group from baseline to post-intervention. Results showed that there on average was a decrease in heart rate in both the control and VR groups post intervention, however, the VR group showed a greater decrease in heart rate. (Fig. 2) The difference came from when we compared the STAI results of both groups. The average STAI scores in the VR immersion group increased while the average STAI scores decreased in the control group. (Fig. 1) These results support previous research that VR immersion influences perceived anxiety. (These results only partially supported our primary hypothesis. VR immersion did affect perceived anxiety levels. However, it didnt affect heart rate in the way we hypothesized. There are a few possible reasons for the results the study produced. The VR group felt an increase in perceived anxiety because the VR immersion gives them a sense of presence. The feeling that they were actually there. They felt the ghost charge at them or the sensation they were falling. Those videos made them feel more anxious post intervention. Each video consisted of one to three of the most ten common fears in the United States. These videos successfully induced anxiety, regarding the STAI, in the VR group. Which leads us to talk about how the HR in the VR group decreased. There are a few possible reasons why HR would decrease in the VR group. First, while perception influences our physiological response to stress, the amygdala filters out that the threat is not imminent causing the prefrontal cortex to further evaluate that threat. All of this is happening subconsciously regardless of the perception of the person. These subconscious processes are represented in the physiologic al measure of heart rate steeply decreasing. (Fig. 2) Another potential reason for the decline in HR in the VR is the order of videos. Most participants reported finding the second video more frightening than last. The time between the second videos ending and the final heart rate was approximately 5 minutes. There is also the possibility that the VR group just had a naturally high heart rate that decreased as they relaxed, physiologically, and felt more comfortable with the experience in spite of the increase in STAI scores. We can compare this to the STAI and HR changes in the control group. Both the average STAI scores and HR saw decreases post-intervention. The decrease is the STAI can explained by the fact that they had to listen to one of the researchers wearing the helmet and possibly letting out unintentional noises due to the stimuli. It would allow the control to relax more which would explain the decrease. The decrease is the average heart rate was not a steep as the one in the VR group. This can be explained easily. The fact that the control group did not have to filter out the threat can account for the smaller drop in HR when compared to the VR group. The interpretation was supported what we were told by participants following the experiment. Participants in the VR group indicated that they felt anxious following the intervention.. The control group had a different opinion regarding the videos from their perspective. They assumed that if they were in the VR group they would have felt more anxious as the videos looked anxiety inducing from the control groups perspective. Another fact that must be noted is that even though there was an increase in perceived anxiety in the VR group nearly all participants said they would like to do it again. They enjoyed it even if it made them anxious. Most participants were excited about to participate in this study due to the VR aspect. Few had previous VR experience. Additionally, there are other possible explanations for the contradictory results regarding HR compared to STAI between groups and time points. While heart rate is a good physiological indicator, it is not always effective, a more effective physiological measure is that of heart rate variability (HRV). A technique that measures the time between heart beats along with heart rate. Most studies related to the physiological measures of anxiety use HRV in lieu of heart rate for this specific reason. This issue is only exacerbated by the fact that the tool used was only a crude measure. A Fitbit Charge 2 is good at looking for heart rate at any given time. Its not effective in measuring heart rate continuously which would allow researchers to observe how heart fluctuates over time. Another issue was the timing of which we measured the initial heart rate. We measured the initial heart rate immediately after attaching the FitBit. We noted that initially the heart rate was much higher when yo u measured immediately after attached the FitBit then when you attached it and waited a minute. For consistencys sake, we measured immediately after attachment. Other limitation is the fact that our group consisted of only 20 participants with the majority being female. Which limits the study in two ways, one is females tend to have a faster heart rate naturally than males. The other is we could not determine if the effect of VR immersion influenced heart rate and perceived anxiety the same way it would in a male. Which brings me to the age, the mean age of the participants was 20.7 years old which is another factor that cannot be extrapolated for the general population. This age group tends to have more experience with VR and technology in general than other populations. Our study was limited to University of Massachusetts Dartmouth students. While the study was conducted in a similar setting it was conducted at different times during the day, with most of the participants coming after classes. Approximately fourteen students came immediately after receiving a test back where the average score for the class was 68. The environment can influence how anxious one feels initially, especially a campus at night, where and when the final study took place, when most students and faculty have gone home. One final limitation that should be mentioned is the time in which this study was to be completed. The time from recruitment to study spanned at day at most and an hour at least. Further research is needed to assess if these limitations influenced the results the study produced. We recommend a few possible directions for further research. The sample needs to be increased to include more males to replicate the general population. The sample should be in general to see if the interaction that this study had is repeatable. It should be done with tools that allow for a precise measure of heart rate. (ex. EKG) There should be a down period in between videos. This study only allowed for a minute before taking the final heart rate. We also suggest taking HR after each video. This study did that initially but for simplicity sake, the HR measurements were removed from the analysis. The environment should be controlled to filter out possible environmental influences. It should be done at a consistent time during the day not spanning the day as this study did. The study should allot more time to collect data and recruitment. It should be done on a more relaxed schedule when participants are not potentially in a rush to get somewhere else and to allow for the videos to complete without the added anxiety of being late to a class. There should be a variety of VR immersion technology. This study used the Oculus rift for VR immersion. There are multiple forms of VR immersion. We do not know if these results would be repeated with different VR systems. There should other stimuli. This study used mainly scary videos, building on a few common fears (eg. heights, jump scares, etc.) comparing those to videos of what most find relaxing (eg. sitting on the beach, relaxing in the woods, etc.) Another suggestion is to alter the sequence of the videos from least frightening to most frightening shortening the time from the most frightening to the final HR measurement. A final suggestion is to establish trait anxiety and see it influences STAI and HR or affects an increase/decrease in state anxiety scores. Trait anxiety would allow for researchers to expand the results seeing if those with trait anxiety felt more anxious. Conclusion VR immersion is a new and increasingly popular tool. Its allowing people to see places they will never see in real life and overcome fears with exposure therapy. VR is doing a lot of good for society. Studies like this one are needed to help improve treatments because when we know what can influence perceived anxiety, we learn better ways to treat anxiety in general.

The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 1536 Words

The Things They Carried The Things They Carried is a fiction story about a group of soldiers in Vietnam, particularly Tim O’Brien. Tim O’Brien is the main character of the story; however, Azar shapes the story just as well as Tim. I concluded, after viewing the NPR interview, that Azar is an alter ego personality of O’Brien. Even though Azar is an alternate side O’Brien, he isn’t too fond of this aspect of himself. Azar is the unsympathetic, cruel, and joking side, whereas Tim is the nicer, quieter, and guilty side. The story is based on how the individuals dealt with the war in Vietnam and how they dealt with it when they returned home. Azar is how Tim chose to deal with the horrible aspect of war while in Vietnam, and Tim, a nice individual who felt guilty for this awful circumstance, used this more unsympathetic side of himself to be able to make it through the war. Azar first arrived into the story when O’Brien started discussing how war wasn’t all viole nce. A little boy came up to Azar and asked for chocolate. As the child departed, Azar mentioned about how he had one leg and an individual must’ve run out of ammo (O’Brien 30). He chose to focus on the negative side instead of just being able to enjoy the peace they had at the moment. Azar was the side of Tim that couldn’t imagine anything civil happening in Vietnam, and he could only see the horrific factor about the child having one leg. McDaniel 2 In this situation, the first man O’Brien killed, AzarShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. 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Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. 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Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Oversight - 1512 Words

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Subprime mortgages increased from eight percent of total mortgages in 2004 to twenty percent in 2006 with more than 90 percent of these mortgages being adjustable rate mortgages allowing borrowers to qualify for loans for which they did not have long-term repayment capacity. Furthermore, lenders lowered their loan underwriting standards especially for loan to appraised value and repayment capacity to allow borrowers to obtain significantly larger loans than in the past. System institutions did not participate in lowered lending standards. The System is prohibited by regulation from making mortgage loans withShow MoreRelatedDodd Frank Reform And Consumer Protection Act1709 Words   |  7 PagesDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, but it is mostly known as Dodd-Frank. 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Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art. Answer: Introduction As students we were given a choice to select either an exhibition or a museum for this report and I decided to review the national museum of decorative arts and history of Ireland. The museum is a branch of the National Museum of Ireland and is located near the Arbour Hill area of Dublin. The museum was actually founded on August 14, 1877 by the Parliament act. It has around 150,000 items which includes art and craft, Irish coins, silverware, currency, furniture, costumes, ceramics and also glassware (Herle and Anita 2012). The sprawling property also holds artifacts from the Battle of the Boyne such as Etruscan vases and an armoured glove worn by King William. There is also an oar and a life belt which were discovered from the wreck of the RMS management Lusitania (Forrest and Craig 2012). Also, there is a pocket book which was carried by Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone during his time in the prison. It quite a sight to behold when one ventures inside this historical structure (Herle and Anita 2012). The visiting hour for the museum is from 10 am to 5 pm from Tuesday to Saturday. On Sunday it is open from 10 am to 5pm and is closed on a Monday. The art and architecture inside the museum is divided into different categories for visitors to explore without difficulties. First, let us come to the Arms and Armour section. The arms section consists of swords, long arms, pistols which are mainly Irish and English weapons belonging to the 16th and 20th centuries. Some of these weapons are also from the United States of America and Europe. There are also a lot of mesmerizing non-Western muskets and swords from 19th Century. It is also very interesting to find long arms like flintlock, semi-automatic weapons and percussions. There are also cannons which are symbolic of that era along with double edged weapons consisting of daggers, pole-arms, clubs and crossbows. The museum put together the collection which is from the second half of the 19th century and is kept in the Arms and Armour section where Textiles, Glass, Ceramics, Metalwork, Wood, Musical Instruments and Ivory collections have also been incorporated (Hourihane and Colum 2012). There is also A Dubliners Collection of Asian Art which was gifted to the National Museum in the 1930 by Albert Bender who was an Irish American. On show were relics from China, Tibet and Japan. I loved these as the artefacts were well preserved and depicted bygone cultures and traditions. Some of the Chinese relics include painting, statues and cloaks related to religions and philosophies of Buddhism and Daoism. Then there is the collection of ceramics which was first brought in to influence the local ceramic industry. There is the collection of continental European and Italian Maiolica, French Faience, Dutch delftware and Hispano-Moresque ware. Besides these, there are Belleek and Carrigaline, and a huge collection of Irish works (Hourihane and Colum 2012). The toys and dolls section is one of the finest collections in the museum which has over 700 items. The collection spans across Irish, European and English dolls. The collection also boasts of antic doll houses and board games. There are also clockwork toys and the ones made of tin. Some of the items in this section are very old and have been restored or renovated. Costume and fashion design The concept of fashion has existed since time immemorial and in this museum too there is a huge collection of costumes. The collection has almost 2000 items, comprising mainly English and Irish costumes which mostly belong to women from the 18th century to present day (Ward and Alex 2014). Designs from Ireland during the 20th century are also on display. These are intricate designs and portray the lifestyle during the time and are mighty impressive (Ward and Alex 2014). Religious vestments, legal and academic robes, court dress are also on display. Under this collection the museum has got hold of materials in relation with 1916 War of Independence. These have been donated or purchased over time. It has a number of documents which are directly related to the Rising. One of them is the historical Proclamation of the Republic and Pearses surrender order (Murphy and Brian 2012). Then there is the Museums Fine and Graphic art collection which comprises paintings management done by water colour and drawings by European and Irish artists. The shades of colour actually takes one back to time. The collection itself was made in the 1920s and the museum authorities since then have not added to it (Murphy and Brian 2012). While venturing into other nooks and corners of the massive hall one stumbles upon the collection of flags too. There are 50 flags which are on display. They are mainly Irish with the time period ranging from 1641 to present day. Most of these flags are military but some belong to historical events and political parties. Museums furniture collection This is a massive collection and one of the most famous blocks for tourists. The section showcases a wide range of furniture from the 17th to the 20th century. Mostly there are furniture from the 18th or 19th century which therefore covers a lot of famous makers. The collection also boasts of Irish, English and European materials (Myzelev and Alla 2017). The collection is only growing by the day and the division features a major collection from Irish designer Eileen Gray. The exhibits are in a room known as the Reconstructed Rooms where there are four centuries of furnishings, right from the Georgian era to present day Irish designs. Next, there is the fragile section of the museum which has some of the best Irish, European and American glass ranging from the 18th to the 20th century. It all started from being collected from Belfast, Cork, Dublin and Waterford from the late 18th to the middle of 19th century. There is also a great collection of Irish modern day works. The jewellery section too does not cease to amaze. These items date back to the 18th and the 20th century and it boasts of great quality costume jewellery. It also has pieces from early 20th century crafts from the Celtic Revival and modern Ireland. The section also boasts of a large collection of intaglio seal stones, carved cameo and Tassie paste copies (Eppihimer and Melissa 2015). There is also the costume accessories collection which has around 1600 items including shoes, shoe-buckles, hats and fans (Dmitrieva and Elena 2012). There is also a collection which consists of Irish and European lace accessories from the 17th Century to the early 20th Century. The collection mainly consists of Irish lace and lace designs from the middle of the 19th Century to the middle of the 20th. These laces were bought directly from cooperatives and lace schools from around the country. The metal work collection boasts of a large section of pewter, enamel, brass and ironwork. Helmets, iron armours are all on display here. However, Ireland cannot be complete without Irish silver. Silver is the most significant element in this collection and ranges from the 1500 s to present day. The entire collection of silver is on display at the museum in an exhibition called Irish Silver. The stock of silver here is the strongest for periods between 1750 -1800, however, the collection of modern day silver is also growing each day. Upon request the staff also help people get dressed in these armours which are on display. Ireland is a country which is steeped in Military History as it has been subjected to numerous battles. Therefore the collection of war memorabilias such as books, documents, personal papers, medals, uniforms and ephemera of Irish, British and American armies (Forrest and Craig 2012). The largest part of the section includes uniforms, uniform accessories including head dresses, insignias and belts which date back to the 1780s. Musical instruments Ireland also has a rich history of music and the museums collection features all such instruments. The harp collection holds a special significance and has a few of the early wire-strung harps (Boydell and Barra 2013). The harp collection also focuses on the 18th century and is a collection of very rare pieces (Mary Louise and O'Donnell 2014). The pianos too are from the later half of the 18th century and the spotlight is on the Irish manufacturers. The section also boasts of a rare lyrachord. The coin collection has 10,000 pieces and is of the rarest of rare kind. The majority of the coins are Irish and belong to the Viking period. These have been divided into two sections- hoard material and chronological collection. The chronological collection of Irish coins is increased by denomination management, provenance and style in the same manner as the silver collection (Series 2012). There is also a huge collection of English, European, Asian and Roman coins which are provided as comparisons or contrasts. There are also 3,700 Irish medals which are part of history, sports, politics, education and agriculture. The museum also has a huge transport collection which mainly consists of 18th and 19th century carriages and also materials such as photographs and drawings. Conclusion Overall, the museum is one of the most iconic in the world. On a scale of 1 to 10, I would give it an eight just because it does not cease to amaze even for one bit. Some of the collections including the metal work and furniture are top class and are things one would remember even after they have come back home. The visit to the museum was thus enriching. However, there were a few let downs like the connectivity where I had to change buses to get to the stop. Writing an assignment on a place with so much history related to it is always difficult. First of all I had to start off by finding a museum dipped in culture and history and what better than the national museum of decorative arts and history in Dublin. Then it was about research work and if the museum suited the needs of the project. Next it was about planning a trip there since I needed to visit the museum to write my review. I changed two buses and reached the museum at around 11.30 on a Wednesday. The monumental stature of the building was overwhelming but then the things that awaited me inside were even more mesmerizing. The museum is old and there were renovation works in progress in some corners. The only way I could traverse the whole museum was if I had a guide book in my hand. I got the book from the counter and used it to navigate my way from one section to another. I must say these are things I have not done before and therefore this is a skill too which I picked up. Next , it was about documenting the artefacts which were kept in different sections of the museum. Proper documentation is needed to reproduce the same facts and figures in an assignment and therefore I had to do it carefully keeping in mind that a wrong date can be disastrous. Reporting is another key skill I developed during this assignment as I knew I would have to put my notes on a paper and submit it as a report. I have tried and represented the facts as closely as possible. Sometimes thoughts and words tend to get lost in translation. There were also a few challenges faced by me while doing the project. First of all, the museum is vast and covers a lot of area. Covering each and every part was taxing. I am quite thankful to the guide book I had in my hand without which I would have been lost for sure. There were also a lot of repair work in progress in key sections of the museum which was quite a hindrance for my research work. Sections like the ones were the glass artefacts and ceramics were kept were closed. I had to come back home and consult a few other books to complete my research and then write down the assignment. Also, the sign boards inside the museum are old and sometimes one might get confused as to where to head next. A lot of the times, I headed the other way then had to return back and find another path to a certain section. The lack of guides also adds to a bit of ones confusion. Often one does not know the history of certain artefacts and has do to the strenuous tasks of reading it from the signag e. However, despite these let downs the museum continues to be one of the best in the Ireland. References Boydell, Barra. The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland. Edited by Harry White. University College Dublin Press, 2013. Dmitrieva, Elena. "On the formation of the collection of gem impressions in the State Hermitage Museum." Journal of the History of Collections 25, no. 1 (2012): 77-85. E Batey, Colleen. "Quarrying in Western Norway. An Archaeological Study of Production and Distribution in the Viking Period and Middle Ages." (2016): 185-186. Eppihimer, Melissa. "A paradox of eighteenth-century antiquarianism: Persiangems among the Tassie casts." Journal of the History of Collections 28, no. 2 (2015): 191-208. Forrest, Craig. "Culturally and environmentally sensitive sunken warships." Austl. NZ Mar. LJ 26 (2012): 80. Herle, Anita. "Objects, agency and museums." Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things (2012): 295. Hourihane, Colum, ed. The Grove encyclopedia of medieval art and architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2012. Mary Louise, O'Donnell. Ireland's Harp: The Shaping of Irish Identity, C. 1770-1880. University College Dublin Press, 2014. Murphy, Brian P. "Telling the Story of 1916: the" Catholic Bulletin" and" Studies"." Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 101, no. 401 (2012): 47-56. Myzelev, Alla, ed. Fashion, interior design and the contours of modern identity. Routledge, 2017. Series, CoinWeek Ancient Coin, and Mike Markowitz. "The Earliest Coins of Ireland." Ward, Alex. "Dress and National Identity: Womens Clothing and the Celtic Revival." Costume 48, no. 2 (2014): 193-212.

About Glenn Murcutt, an Australian Way of Architecture

About Glenn Murcutt, an Australian Way of Architecture Glenn Murcutt (born July 25, 1936) is arguably Australias most famous architect, although he was born in England. He has influenced generations of working architects and has won every major architecture award of the profession, including the 2002 Pritzker. Yet he remains obscure to many of his Australian countrymen, even as he is revered by architects worldwide. Murcutt is said to work alone, yet he opens his farm to professionals and students of architecture every year, giving master classes and promoting his vision:  Architects thinking locally acting globally. Murcutt was born in London, England, but grew up in the Morobe district of Papua New Guinea and in Sydney, Australia, where he learned to value simple, primitive architecture. From his father, Murcutt learned the philosophies of Henry David Thoreau, who believed that we should live simply and in harmony with natures laws. Murcutts father, a self-sufficient man of many talents, also introduced him to the streamlined modernist architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Murcutts early work strongly reflects Mies van der Rohes ideals. One of Murcutts favorite quotations is a phrase he often heard his father say. The words, he believes, are from Thoreau: â€Å"Since most of us spend our lives doing ordinary tasks, the most important thing is to carry them out extraordinarily well.† Murcutt is also fond of quoting the Aboriginal proverb  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Touch the earth lightly.† From 1956 to 1961, Murcutt studied architecture at the University of New South Wales. After graduation, Murcutt traveled widely in 1962 and was impressed by the works of Jà ¸rn Utzon. On a later trip in 1973, he remembers the modernist 1932 Maison de Verre in Paris, France, as being influential. He was inspired by the Californian architecture of Richard Neutra and Craig Ellwood, and the crisp, uncomplicated work of Scandinavian architect Alvar Aalto. However, Murcutts designs quickly took on a distinctively Australian flavor. The Pritzker Prize-winning architect Glenn Murcutt is not a builder of skyscrapers. He doesnt design grand, showy structures or use flashy, luxurious materials. Instead, the principled designer pours his creativity into smaller projects that let him work alone and design economical buildings that will conserve energy and blend with the environment. All of his buildings (mostly rural houses) are in Australia. Murcutt chooses materials that can be produced easily and economically: glass, stone, brick, concrete, and corrugated metal. He pays close attention to the movement of the sun, moon, and seasons, and designs his buildings to harmonize with the movement of light and wind. Many of Murcutts buildings are not air-conditioned. Resembling open verandas, Murchutts houses suggest the simplicity of Farnsworth House of Mies van der Rohe, yet have the pragmatism of a sheepherders hut. Murcutt takes on few new projects but is intensely devoted to what he does, often spending many years working with his clients. At times he collaborates with his partner, architect Wendy Lewin. Glenn Murcutt is a master teacher;  Oz.e.tecture is the offical website of the Architecture Foundation Australia and the Glenn Murcutt Master Classes. Murcutt is proud to be the father of the Australian architect Nick Murcutt (1964–2011), whose own firm with partner Rachel Neeson flourishes as Neeson Murcutt Architects.   Murcutts Important Buildings The Marie Short House (1975) is one of Murcutts first homes to combine modern Miesian aesthetics with Australian wool shed practicality. With skylights that track the overhead sun and a galvanized corrugated steel roof, this elongated farmhouse on stilts takes advantage of the environment without harming it. The National Park Visitors Centre at Kempsey (1982) and the Berowra Waters Inn (1983) are two of Murcutts early nonresidential projects, but he worked on these while honing his residential designs. The Ball-Eastaway House (1983) was built as a retreat for the artists Sydney Ball and Lynne Eastaway. Nestled in an arid forest, the main structure of the building is supported on steel columns and steel I-beams.  By raising the house above the earth, Murcutt protected the dry soil and surrounding trees. The curved roof prevents dry leaves from settling on top.  An exterior fire extinguishing system provides emergency protection from forest blazes. Architect Murcutt thoughtfully placed the windows and meditation decks to create a sense of seclusion while still providing scenic views of the Australian landscape.   The Magney House (1984) is often called Glenn Murcutts most famous house as it integrates Murcutts elements of function and design. Also known as Bingie Farm, the architectural masterpiece is now part of the Airbnb program. The Marika-Alderton House (1994) was built for the Aboriginal artist Marmburra Wananumba Banduk Marika and her English husband, Mark Alderton. The house was prefabricated near Sydney and shipped to its location in the unforgiving Northern Territory of Australia. While being built, Murcutt was also working on the Bowali Visitors Centre at Kakadu National Park (1994), also in the Northern Territory, and the Simpson-Lee House (1994) located near Sydney. Glenn Murcutts more recent homes from the 21st century are often bought and sold, somewhat like investments or collectors items. The Walsh House (2005) and the Donaldson House (2016) fall into this category, not that Murcutts care in design is ever diminished. The Australian Islamic Centre (2016) near Melbourne may be the last worldly statement of an 80-year-old architect. Knowing little about mosque architecture, Murcutt studied, sketched, and planned for years before the modern design was approved and built. The traditional minaret is gone, yet the orientation toward Mecca remains. Colorful rooftop lanterns bathe interiors with colored sunlight, yet men and women have different access to those interiors. Like all of Glenn Murcutts work, this Australian mosque is not the first, but it is architecture that- through a thoughtful, iterative process of design- may be the best. I have always believed in the act of discovery rather than creativity, Murcutt said in his 2002 Pritzker acceptance speech. Any work that exists, or which has the potential to exist, is related to discovery. We do not create the work. I believe we, in fact, are discoverers. Murcutts Pritzker Architecture Prize Upon learning of his Pritzker award, Murcutt told reporters, Life is not about maximizing everything, its about giving something back- like light, space, form, serenity, joy. You have to give something back. Why did he become a Pritzker Laureate in 2002? In the words of the Pritzker jury: In an age obsessed with celebrity, the glitz of our starchitects, backed by large staffs and copious public relations support, dominates the headlines. As a total contrast,  our laureate works in a one-person office on the other side of the world...yet has a waiting list of clients, so intent is he to give each project his personal best. He is an innovative architectural technician who is capable of turning his sensitivity to the environment and to locality into forthright, totally honest, non-showy works of art. Bravo! - J. Carter Brown, Pritzker Prize jury chairman Fast Facts: The Glenn Murcutt Library Touch This Earth Lightly: Glenn Murcutt in His Own Words.  In an interview with Philp Drew, Glenn Murcutt talks about his life and describes how he developed the philosophies that shape his architecture. This thin paperback is not a lavish coffee table-book, but provides excellent insight into the thinking behind the designs. Glenn Murcutt: A Singular Architectural Practice.  Murcutts design philosophy presented in his own words is combined with commentary from architecture editors Haig Beck and Jackie Cooper. Through concept sketches, working drawings, photographs, and finished drawings, Murcutts ideas are explored in depth. Glenn Murcutt: Thinking Drawing / Working Drawing by Glenn Murcutt.  The architects solitary process is described by the solitary architect himself. Glenn Murcutt: University of Washington Master Studios and Lectures.  Murcutt has consistently conducted master classes at his farm in Australia, but hes also been forging a relationship with Seattle. This slim book by the University of Washington Press provided edited transcripts of conversations, lectures, and studios. The Architecture of Glenn Murcutt.  In a format large enough to display 13 of Murcutts most successful projects, this is the go-to book of photos, sketches, and descriptions that will introduce any neophyte to what the unwavering Glenn Murcutt is all about. Sources Glenn Murcutt 2002 Pritzker Laureate Acceptance Speech, The Hyatt Foundation, PDF at pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/file_fields/field_files_inline/2002_Acceptance_Speech_0.pdfAustralian Architect Becomes the 2002 Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, The Hyatt Foundation, https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2002

Death of a Salesman commentary Essay Example

Death of a Salesman commentary Essay Example Death of a Salesman commentary Paper Death of a Salesman commentary Paper 1998.

Feasibility Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Feasibility Report - Research Paper Example The university offers various facilities to facilitate the learning process that the students partake, hence, making it the fourth largest University in the state of Texas. The campus has a retention rate of approximately 63% of first-time freshmen; however, the number of students anticipated to increase with the execution of the admission principles. The new buildings, the renovation and the proposed housing solutions will indeed help in achieving the rise in retention rate. This will increase the University’s growth in the number of student receiving its full potential. Students’ retention at the University of Houston Downtown has proven to be a challenge. Over the years, the University has found it hard to preserve the large numbers of student intake. This paper is a feasibility report on a research that was initiated to find possible solutions to the addressed challenge. This report will scrutinize the possible solutions and offer recommendations and a conclusion. P roposed solutions The university of Houston downtown is the fourth largest university in the state of Texas. This shows the stretch of the high number of students using the university’s facilities. However, most of the students who join the University of Houston Downtown have trouble finding hostels or apartments within the school. The pressure of the growing population means that the administration has to find solutions in order to accommodate increasing numbers of student (Geiger Mass & College Prowler Firm, 2011). This has led to the three possible solutions that include; the leasing of off-campus apartments that are owned by the university; retaining first years by means of on campus housing program, renovating of the old buildings around the school for spacing and accommodation purposes (Geiger Mass & College Prowler Firm, 2011). Research Methods The following are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats (SWOT) analysis of these proposed solutions. Leasing of o ff-campus housing for students. According to my investigations, the university has considerable support from the neighboring properties owner but at a rate agreeable to both parties. The properties have the capacity to house approximately 12% of the students in the campus. The properties are in decent shape and are secure. The owners are interested in making a deal with the university; hence, the university has a chance to make the leasing agreement possible. The cost of the leasing can range from a minimum of 9% to 14% of the university’s income. The effectiveness of leasing oof-campus houses will be determined by terms of agreement by the University and the property owners. The implementation of this program is both time and money efficient. The deals also provide a threat to the successful implementation of this program. The parties involve may have disagreements over the rent rates (Simha & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003). Either, charging some of the lease r ent to the student or focusing on the properties owners prepared to cooperate

Read the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Read the instruction - Essay Example James Madison assumes, in his own opinion concerning the human nature that factions are strong in the propensity of humankind, such that humankind can fall into mutual animosity where there is no any presentation of substantial occasion, in most frivolous and vivid distinctions, which have resulted to rekindling the unfriendly passions and the most violent conflicts between the two. The federalist 10 is the most interesting essays of James Madison, written in 1787. This essay talks about the liberty, the role of the factions, and the remedies and the extent to which the government should control the concerns that result from the factions. James Madison follows the description of the factions as the group of citizens that either mounts to the majority or as the minority of the whole citizens, united and prompted by a common interest concerning the rights of the citizens or based on the common interest of the society. Madison interest is majorly on the political and social insecurity c aused by the opponent factions; this implies that Madison has to discover the core structure of the government as a whole. His interest id to discover the best structure of a government that will be able to provide remedies for this faction thus he came up with the Federalists 10, which Madison found to provide the best remedy (Hrebenar, and Bryson 41). James Madison bases his arguments on the effects of the factions and he says that the effects of the factions and the case of liberty are the same thing (Hrebenar, and Bryson 40). Therefore, he opts to go about identifying the effects of the factions and looks forward to identify how the effects of the factions may be controlled. This is evident where he compares liberty to faction and he compares air to fire, he continues to say that none of the two exists without the existence of the other. However, it could not cause a lot of trouble to abolish liberty, which is only important in politics and nourishes the faction rather. This bri ngs out the fact that the factions are very essential to the government and thus removing the factions’ means that the government would oppress some people, which is against what the government should be doing. He also sees that liberty and factions are very important aspects of the government and he comments that as far as the reasons for man to live are outlined and they have the liberty to exercise it, very various opinions will exist. Therefore, a healthy government is one, which allows expression of citizens, and on the other hand, the government ceases to be healthy incase the causes of factions affect it. However, James Madison suggests that the Republican structure of government can deal and tackle the issues concerning the causes of factions. The Republican mode of a government, as Madison suggests, is able to control the effects of factions more than the way the Democratic structure of government does. The Republican type of government made up of the representatives who carry out the beliefs and the passions of the majority of the citizens representing it. Both the Democrats and the Republicans make up the republic, the two groups, the Democrats, the Republicans cast many varied opinions, and thus they form factions. James Madison also suggests that the structure of the Republican form of government has the ability to defend the rights of the minority and the rights of t

Report on NatWest Bank’s Creativity and Innovation Essay Example for Free

Report on NatWest Bank’s Creativity and Innovation Essay NatWest Bank is a member of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS Group). In 1968 National Provincial Bank (est.1833) and Westminster Bank (est.1836), fused as National Westminster Bank. Jointly, these banks could outline their history back down the centuries through a ancestry of influential constituents, since the 1650s. The declaration totally astonished the public, but to both banks the benefits were obvious the merger enhanced balance sheet strength, created opportunities to streamline the branch networks and enabled greater investment in new technology. The statutory process of integration was completed in 1969 and National Westminster Bank commenced trading on 1 January 1970, with the three-arrowheads symbol as its Logo of the company with 3,600 branches, established a wide range of new services, including the banks first credit card, Access, in 1972, and computer-linked cash dispensers, Servicetills, in 1976. Deregulation in the 1980s, culminating in Big Bang in 1986, also encouraged National Westminster Bank to enter the securities business. County Bank, the Groups merchant bank, acquired stockbroking and jobbing firms to create NatWest Investment Bank. In the mean time, the International Banking Division appeared to offer international banking services to large companies and to focus on expansion in the USA, the Far East and Europe. In the 1980s new services were developed such as telephone banking and touch- screen share dealing to assist the governments privatisation programme. The 1980s also saw the National Westminster Home Loans established in 1980 and the Small Business Unit in 1982. The Switch debit card extended the electronic transfer of money to point of sale in 1988. In the 1990s financial services markets world-wide underwent huge variations and in response the bank refocused its activities, exiting from a number of markets and adopting the title of NatWest. In March 2000, The Royal Bank of Scotland Group completed the acquisition of NatWest in a  £21 billion deal that was the largest take-over in British banking history. NatWest ranks fifth in the world and is now part of a financial services group which is the second largest bank by market capitalisation in the UK and in Europe. (NatWest 2006) Read more: Essay About National Westminster Bank Creativity and Innovation of the Bank: With granting a muscular competitive encourage to innovation, creativity and efficiency, it always attains lead on rival firms. Innovation is a driver of productivity growth. Novel products, processes and methods of working can relent efficiency gains and quality improvements not only within the innovating firm, but also within other firms that recap or institute on the innovation within their own firms. There are a number of reasons why the rate of innovation is likely to fall below socially optimal levels, and smaller innovating firms may face particularly severe barriers to innovation. The key constraints are: †¢ Limited access to risk capital: The informational impediments to free- functioning markets for SME finance were discussed earlier in this chapter, but it is particularly difficult for potential lenders or investors to assess likely risk and returns accruing to future research or to the implementation of unproven innovations. Newly-established innovating firms often m ake a loss and face severe cash-flow constraints in their early years. †¢Difficulties appropriating the full benefits of innovation: Whilst a competitive environment will provide the best general incentive for firms to innovate, firms need to be confident that they can reap the rewards of their innovation. This is why the intellectual property regime allows firms to prevent, for a limited period, their competitors from copying their innovations. This is a necessary reward for the costs of RD, and helps to encourage innovation. Nevertheless, the internal return to innovation may still be modest relative to the industry-wide benefits that arise once the innovation can be replicated by other firms. †¢ Inability to diversify risk: While larger companies may have a large portfolio of innovative activity, innovation in smaller firms may be concentrated on a single product or process, and the cost of undertaking the necessary RD may be very large relative to the overall financial assets of the company. Accordingly, where SMEs are risk-averse, they will be discouraged from investing in innovative activities with uncertain returns. Assembling the enterprise confront will rely on the innovation and creativity of entrepreneurs themselves, but the Government must also provide the right condit ions and the necessary support for successful enterprise. (Cosh and Hughes 2000) The NatWest Group has a total of 6 UK banking licences and licences from several other authorities. There are two principal costs linked with getting to the position where a bank is in a position to obtain and maintain its banking licence: 1) Implementing a reporting system that satisfies the requirements of the regulators. In addition to standard financial reports these would include implementing the systems to monitor and report capital adequacy, liquidity, credit risk, and interest rate risk etc. 2) Ensuring that there is the necessary infrastructure in place to satisfy individual regulatory requirements on operational areas such as money laundering, advertising and sales of financial products. There are also noteworthy sunk costs in coping with the provision of creativity infrastructure. To replace the existing branch and service centre network and administrative buildings is a major project in its own right and in addition to the costs of such physical assets, which are on the balance sheet it would be necessary to handle the stipulation of such facilities. Costs would also be involved in the provision of such items as HR policies, for example the sunk costs associated with setting up employee benefit programmes, such as pension plans, stock options, bonus schemes, car schemes, health care etc. The same tactic has been adopted and this turns up at an total expenditure of  £ [255] m. This is probably a conservative estimate. Over the period 1996 to 2000 NatWest incurred expenses of around  £ [13] bn in respect of its Retail Transformation programme, which was only a modification of part of its existing infrastructure rather than creation of a totally innovative one. (RBSG, 2002) NatWest depends entirely upon the qualities of innovation, and suffer more acutely from the rapidity of transform. Whether in presentation, writing, the visual arts or advertising, the progress of new ‘product’ is at the heart of all doings. Without this self- generated action, there is not anything to put up for sale. The sector therefore has a specific and challenging manufacturing process or value chain which, at each stage, demands different talents. At the raw development end of production (ideas generation, creating, training) there is a need for concepts, leading edge ideas and formulations, creativity, innovation and initiative customer orientation. Problem solving is paramount. At the moment of production (turning ideas into products, locations for production) – this first set of aptitudes is still important but must be supplemented by: _ï€  Intelligence, understanding of the market, industry foresight and strategic view; _ï€  Effective management o f resources; _ï€  Ability to develop and manage relationships with partners, explore new connections and collaborations with suppliers. The merger of the Royal Bank of Scotland (BoS) and Halifax to form HBOS resulted from increasing competitive pressures in the financial sector. Since about 1980, with the decline of heavy industries and growth of a service economy, like other clearing banks, BoS was obliged to expand further into small business lending and new retail products (e.g. residential mortgages, financial services, credit cards, etc.). Competition was exaggerated by banking deregulation, which led to the growth of a secondary banking sector, the transformation of many building societies (including Halifax) into banks, and new amalgamations into ever-larger banks (as cited in Leyshon and Thrift 1993). During this period there was increasing concern in the Scottish banking community about the potential for takeovers to erode a distinctive Scottish banking sector (as cited in Saville 1996: 717-40), which had been partly maintained by an historical ‘gentleman’s agreement’ between the English and Scottish banks to limit their presences in each other’s markets. In September 1999, BoS surprised The City of London by making a  £20.85 billion bid to take over NatWest Bank, in effect striking first in an environment where further bank mergers seemed inevitable. Many in the financial press were quick to point out that under these new terms, BoS and other Scottish banks could not expect to have the ir future ‘independence’ protected. In late November the Royal Bank of Scotland, BoS’s main competitor in Scotland, made a successful counter bid of  £25.1 billion. The City now anticipated a takeover of BoS, compelling BoS to keep pace with the Royal Bank. BoS and Halifax began merger negotiations in April 2001, and the new banking group, HBOS, began trading on the stock market on 10 September, 2001. The Halifax was the dominant partner in the merger, being about twice the size of BoS in terms of number of employees and market value at the time of merger, and supplying key organizational leadership, including the CEO. The core rationale of the merger was that it brought together Halifax’s substantial mortgage lending income and BoS’s expertise and placement in the corporate banking world to create new business opportunities for the merged organisation. It also saw the dislocation of BoS’s rather conventional, cautious and habitual banking ethos by the more modern, competitive and market driven ethos of the Halifax organisation. Thus the merger was experienced by staff as an encounter between two different corporate cultures, and two different national cultures, at the same time. By ‘the ideology of change’ it specifies an ideological condition that corresponds closely with Therborn’s conception of modernity. With this phrase I want to dire ct attention not so much to a set of ideas and beliefs about change, but more to a disposition, or attitude toward change. I mean to suggest a normatively charged attitude in which established ways of doing things are devalued and innovation and change is positively valued in principle, regardless of the particulars of any given situation. It is, in a sense, a ‘presumption of guilt’ in regard to the old, and ‘presumption of innocence’ in regard to the new. This attitude is deeply naturalised, so that the imperative and positive value of change is widely regarded as self-evident, and not easily questioned. Thus rather than the great social critiques and political programmes associated with the formation of modernity, I mean to invoke a routinized and normalized aspect of established modernity—seen in the way political parties and governments promote themselves through promises of reform, in the way corporations and public institutions are constantly restructuring in order to ‘modernize’ and keep pace with their competitors, and in the way consumer-citizens in capitalist society come to expect scientific and technological advances that will increase knowledge and improve commodities and services, while fashions in popular culture rapidly replaces one another. The ideology of change is mundane, relentless common sense. Some problems of ‘innovation and creativity’ lay with the organization and its leadershi p, rather than personnel, the exhortation to embrace change was ultimately being translated into a message of personal moral reform. In this way the ideology of change, while meeting resistance, percolated down to beleaguered selves seeking some greater purchase on their state of affiars. (Hearn 2006) HRM Strategic Milestones in NatWest: During 1990–91 County NatWest, an investment bank, asked all its business units, including its personnel department, to set up strategic milestones for a five-year period. Their performance was to be measured against those milestones at specified target dates. The requirement to produce strategic milestones as an input to the bank’s five-year marked an important watershed in defining the contribution of personnel to the business at a strategic level. It forced the department to reflect on the nature of that contribution. Senior management of the bank duly authorised 18 separate strategic milestones. The milestones were consistent one with the other, and overall addressed issues that consultation within business units and across the three personnel teams had shown to be critical to business success. Each milestone was assigned to a designated individual and was incorporated into his or her own targets of performance. Quarterly reviews on progress, involving the whole department, were subsequently held to ensure that the milestones were on target. The operational tasks that a centralised TD planning process involves seek to ensure that: TD considerations are taken fully into account when business strategy is formulated. They form part of a human resource plan within the wider business plan. At business unit/divisional level there are policies to ensure people are trained and developed in line with the needs of the business. At the individual level TD is an integrated part of daily routine and procedures, helping people to achieve performance standards and behavioral objectives and building up the kind of workforce needed in terms of productivity, quality and flexibility. TD staff operates a collaborative approach to planning at every stage in order to ensure a high level of buy-in from line management and other stakeholders. (Harrison 2001) Conclusion: NatWest Bank had recently a remarkable triumph over the competitors on November 15 2006 in the 12th Annual Convention- CCA Excellence Awards categorized for â€Å"Best Customer Focus: Financial Services† (details available on http://www.ccai.org.uk/events). The Bank is the second giant bank in the entire Europe (after Deutsche Bank) and incredibly progressed in a very short span of time (as discussed in the historical background). NatWest’s creativity and innovation â€Å"line of attack† led the bank to the stature of success. Chinua Achebe (1930 ), Nigerian novelist, poet, and essayist rightly says: â€Å"Contradictions if well understood and managed can spark off the fires of invention. Orthodoxy whether of the right or of the left is the graveyard of creativity†. (Anthills of the Savannah) References NatWest; A History, (2006), NatWest Bank, available on http://www.natwest.co.uk/aboutus.htm/ accessed April 29 2007. Cosh and Hughes, (2000), Tackling Market Failures, British Bankers Association. Jonathan Hearn, (2006), National Identity, Organisational Culture, and the Ideology of Change in Scotland, BSA Annual Conference, Scottish Study Group. Rosemary Harrison, (2005), Producing and Implementing LD Strategy, CIPD Publications. Appendix A: NatWest Glossary AER Annual Equivalent Rate. This shows what the interest rate would be if interest were paid and added to your account each year. APR Annual Percentage Rate. The interest payable on what youve borrowed is added up along with other charges (e.g. arrangement fees) and then expressed as an annual rate of charge. The APR helps you compare the true cost of borrowing, for example for a mortgage. The APR takes into account all fees and charges applied to the mortgage as well as the monthly payments over the life of the loan. arrangem ent fee a fee to cover administration. arrears money that was due to be paid but has not been paid. When you are behind in payments, you are in arrears. assets your money, property, goods and so on that have a financial value. assurance a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to your next of kin when you die. bankers draft a cheque drawn on the bank (or building society) itself against either a cash deposit or money taken directly from your own bank account. A bankers draft is a secure way of receiving money from someone you dont know and where a cash is inconvenient. Bankers drafts are commonly used for large purchases such as homes and cars. base rate the interest rate from which lenders set their rates for lending and savings products. Its usually based on the base rate set by the Bank of England. capital money that youve invested or borrowed (e.g. to buy a home). It doesnt include the income or profit you get from an investment, or the interest you have to pay on a loan or mortgage. CHAPS Clearing House Automated Payment System. This is a system that enables money to be transferred from one bank account to another on the same day. chip and PIN a system to reduce card fraud. A chip and PIN card has a smart chip that holds your four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). When you pay in a shop with a chip and PIN card, youll be asked to enter your PIN into a keypad instead of signing a receipt. This PIN is the same number that you use to withdraw money at a cash machine. cleared balance/cleared funds includes credits (cheques and cash) that have completed the clearing cycle. You can only withdraw or transfer money to another account with money from your cleared balance. The cleared balance is updated during the day as you make payments into and out of your account. clearing cycle the process that your cheque goes through when you pay it into your account. A cheque wont be cleared if, for example, the person who gave it to you doesnt have enough money in their account. credit card allows you to borrow money to pay for goods and services without using cash or cheques. credit balance the amount of money in your account. credit limit the maximum amount of money that you may borrow. debit card allows you to pay for goods and services without writing cheques or using cash. The money is taken directly from your current account (you dont borrow the money as with a credit card). Some debit cards can also be used to guarantee cheques. debt an amount of money that you owe to a person or company. Direct Debit an instruction from you to your bank or building society allowing someone to take money from your account. The amount of money taken can vary, but you must be told the amounts and dates beforehand. Direct Debits allow you to pay bills automatically from your account on a regular basis. discounted rate a variable rate that is set at a fixed percentage amount below the lenders standard variable rate for a period of time. At the end of the period, the mortgage goes back to the lenders variable rate. EAR Effective Annual Rate. This is the amount of interest charged on an overdraft and is stated as an annual rate. Unlike the APR, the figure does not include any fees or charges. Equity (in property) the difference between how much your property is worth the balance of your outstanding mortgage and any other debts secured on the property. Equity release a way of releasing extra money by borrowing against the equity in your home. ERTF Exchange Rate Transaction Fee. This is a fee that you pay when withdrawing foreign currency from a cash machine or when paying for something in another currency (e.g. when youre on holiday abroad). The foreign currency is converted into pounds sterling (using the banks exchange rate) and a fee for doing this is added. fixed-rate interest an interest rate that stays the same throughout an agreed period. flexible mortgage a mortgage that allows you to make overpayments and underpayments on the mortgage without penalty, and, in some cases, to take payment holidays. gross the whole amount before any deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. gross interest rate interest before income tax is deducted. Insurance policy a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to you to cover possibilities such as theft, damage to property, loss and so on. interest the amount that you pay when you borrow money. Its expressed as a percentage rate over a period of time. interest-free no interest is charged on money that you borrow. interest-only mortgages a loan on which you only pay the interest element. The amount of capital you owe remains the same throughout the term of the mortgage and is due to be repaid at the end of the term. interest rate the rate at which you pay back interest, expressed as a percentage of the amount you borrow. investment something you put money into that will provide income in the future (such as savings) or gain in value so that you can sell it at a higher price later (such as a house). loan money that you borrow (e.g. to buy a new car) on condition that you pay it back. lifetime mortgage a type of equity release product for the over 60s, which allows you to release money by borrowing against the value of your home. There are no monthly repayments, instead the interest is added to the loan and the whole amount is repaid when you die or move into long-term care, usually from the sale of the house. This means more interest will build up than with a conventional mortgage. mortgage a loan to help you buy property on condition that the company giving you the loan has certain rights, including the right to sell the property if you dont pay back the loan. net the amount after deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. net interest rate the rate payable after the lower rate of income tax is deducted. (NB the rate of tax may vary, so a net rate is usually only given as an example.) nominal annual rate the rate of interest that would apply if the interest were not added each year and if there were no inflation. overdraft borrowings from your current account. overpayment higher or extra mortgage payments that you make (usually to pay off your loan or mortgage early). p.a. per annum, which means each year. payment holiday a period of one or more months when you dont make repayments on your loan or mortgage, although interest continues to accrue during that time. PIN Personal Identification Number. This is the four-digit number that you enter into a cash machine when you want to take out cash, and that you use when you pay with your chip and PIN card. Never give this number to anyone, or write it down. rate the percentage interest rate charged by a lender. remortgage replacing a mortgage with a new one (from your existing or a different lender), without moving home. You use the money you borrow for the new mortgage to repay the old one. repayment method the means by which a mortgage is repaid. The two main repayment methods are interest only and repayment. repayment mortgage a loan where you pay back some of the capital as well as interest each month. The amount you owe is gradually reduced. return the profit you get, for example, when you invest money. share a unit of ownership in a company. share certificate shows the amount of ownership. share dealing the process of buying and selling shares. standing order a method of making regular payments directly from your bank account. Its a fixed sum and you tell your bank when to start and stop paying it. stock another term for share. transaction each time you pay money into or take money out of your account, its called a transaction. unarranged borrowing an overdraft that is higher than your bank or building society has agreed to. uncleared balance the amount of money in your account including all the uncleared items in your account and any items paid in during the day. underpayment a loan or mortgage payment that is less than the amount that you should normally pay for that month. variable-rate interest the interest rate that you pay on your loan or mortgage and that rises and falls roughly in line with a stated index, such as the base rate set by the Bank of England. (NatWest , 2006, available on http://www.natwest.co.uk/glossary.htm/)

Academic Discourse Essay -- essays papers

Academic Discourse In Peter Elbow’s, Writing for Teachers, he states, â€Å"Teachers are one of the trickiest audiences of all, yet they also illustrate the paradox that audiences sometimes help you and sometimes get in your way.† A teacher’s experience can give a student author valuable insight to the development of his writing, while at the same time offer criticism that may prove beneficial. Unfortunately, the relationship between a student and his teacher is a very difficult one that often poses more problems than can be resolved. In order to become a more proficient writer, a student must be able to write in numerous voices, or at least develop one to use as a platform. In order to find and utilize his voice, an author must be able to specifically identify his audience and then determine the type of discourse that would prove most effective. This can become an impossible task when a student views a teacher as his audience, while the teacher is determined not to be the audience. A teacher’s decision to be nothing more than a proofreader is based on sound reasoning. With a teacher as the intended audience, a student will attempt to change his style in order to receive a higher grade. Not only is it uncomfortable for the author to write in a voice not his own, but when a teacher returns his essay, he is certain to be disappointed by his mark. A teacher would find his paper awkward as a result of his unsure voice. This is only more frustrating for the student, who believed that his paper was what the teacher wanted. Furthermore, the student is questioning his own ability to produce an essay that expresses his own beliefs rather than those of his teacher. The opposite type of student can pose an equally destructi... ...g. By doing this both students are learning: one is coming to an even greater understanding of the principle which he is trying to explain, and the other is learning a technique he has never encountered before. The relationship between teachers and students is one that can not be solved easily. Each teacher is different and has his own methods of conveying information to students. The only practical way to become better at writing for teachers is to get to know the instructor then adjust your own work habits so that both of you can make the most of your time. Overall, this will produce a less stressful working environment and both the teacher and the student will be more willing to accommodate each other. Ultimately, this will resolve the dilemma between the instructor and the author while providing an increased understanding of literary techniques to the student.

Roles of Ngos to Development

EXAMINE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF NGO’s TO DEVELOPMENT NGO is an acronym which stands for â€Å"non-governmental organization. The UN defines an NGO as a kind of private organization that is independent from government control and is non-profit, non-criminal and simply an opposition party. According to professor Peter Willets, from the university of London , argues the definition of NGO as an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities.The most common classification of NGOs is by orientation and level of operation. Orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on, these may include human rights, environmental protection or development works. Level of operation refers to whether it is community based, citywide, national or international. The contributions to NGO’s are: Education, this plays a major role in development since without it development cannot take place. Education can be formal or non-formal.They provide teaching and learning materials for some schools in the deprived areas in Ghana, improved access to education for adults and child rights in quality education. An example is GIGDEV an NGO based in the north which aims at helping adolescent girls by training them in batik tie and dye, hairdressing and sewing to prevent them from going to the south to seek nonexistent jobs. 150 junior high schools in 13 selected districts from the Brong Ahafo, Central region, Eastern region and Greater Accra region to benefit from a project aimed at improving the quality of education in the country.Which is been implemented by Plan Ghana. Agriculture, this is done by providing equipment to the farmers in deprived areas to help them get better yields. Also they are taught new farming techniques that can improve the quality of yields, advised on crops to cultivate. They help farmers advocate policies that promote market access, control over productive resources by small scale farmers and sustainable agric in the face of climate change. Examples of such NGO’s are SNV and SARI. Also in the economic sector NGOs help alleviate poverty. Since 2009 Technoserve has supported 4209 women in the northern, Upper East and Upper west.They have been economically marginalized. 12 women groups were supported to secure Shea processing centres. This means that these people are assisted to start small scale businesses to earn capital which will in turn improve their standard of life. This helps the people immensely because they now gain capital to improve their standard of living. SNV is implementing four year project to assist smallholder farmers in three African countries, Ghana included to supply their national school feeding programme. it is been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation with a grant of 7. million dollars. Science and technology is also an area NGOs tackle by providing the right mat erials for science programmes which help upcoming students with keen interest in science to develop their potentials. Some of these NGO come out with research findings which help in development of some sectors. Some of the NGOs SARI, UNESCO. In the area of health care, this is done by providing health centers, providing potable water. Providing the deprived with nutritious food to eat. Some NGOs like USAID provide cooking oil and rice to some of the deprived areas.They also help them with the guinea worm eradication in the northern parts by giving them mouth filters which can be used to drink water from some water bodies. Some examples are water Aid, Oxfam and WHO Some NGO provide relief items in cases of conflicts and natural disasters like floods which is prominent during the rainy season in Ghana. This relief items like bags of rice, sugar, corn, mattresses, clothing, building materials are donated to the affected people in these areas. An example is ADRA. In addition, others pla y a role in the rights of people be it the mentally challenged or not.Basic needs Basic rights belief mental health is not a right or a privilege . They help people with mental illness and epilepsy. When they recover their health they learn new skills or go back to their work. Actionaid promote women’s rights, the organization worked on women’s participation in leadership and decision making, violence against women and girls. To conclude, the contributions of NGOs to development cannot be over emphasized since it deals with major aspects of development like education, agriculture, economic, healthcare, provision of relief items and human rights